These disparities and obstacles are compounded and/or rooted in public misunderstandings of what it means to be TGD, coupled with a hegemonic worldview that is both heteronormative and gender normative, casting gender as an either/or proposition tied to the biological sex assigned at birth. The disparities faced by TGD populations are astonishing and are often exacerbated by barriers to health care that include the fear of stigmatization, refusal of care, and discrimination in care settings. One such obstacle is the devastating health and economic disparities, which include 40% of TGD individuals attempting suicide in their lives, 1 in 4 experiencing homelessness, and 1 in 3 experiencing assault during primary school, as well as elevated rates of depression, anxiety, alcohol and drug abuse, and post-traumatic stress disorder ( Bockting, Miner, Swinburne Romine, Hamilton, & Coleman, 2013 Haas et al., 2010 James et al., 2016). The limits on the types of TGD representations displayed in media perpetuate understandings of what it means to identify as TGD in the world and, at least so far, occlude many obstacles faced by the population. While this increased representation is positive on its surface, it is by no means without flaws and TGD persons are still wildly underrepresented in the media ( Capuzza & Spencer, 2016).Īlthough many TGD people are resilient in the face of marginalization, mediated portrayals are often stigmatizing ( Glover, 2016), are played by cisgender actors ( Armstrong, 2016), and/or pigeonhole the TGD community into transnormative boxes ( Mocarski, Butler, Emmons, & Smallwood, 2013). Coinciding with this rise, there has been an increase of TGD representation in media, through celebrities like Caitlyn Jenner, supporting characters in films and television, and shows and movies where TGD characters and their journeys are the central theme. population, is likely due to an increase in the raw population of individuals who identify openly as TGD, the expanding definition of TGD, and the actual means by which TGD populations are counted. The increase in the TGD population, estimated to include up to 1% of the U.S. TGD visibility through media ( Cavalante, 2017) and in the economic market share has also increased ( David, 2017). The number of people who identify as transgender and gender diverse (TGD) has increased in recent years ( Gates, 2011).
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